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The First World War was worse than any other war in history. It killed more people and did more damage than ever before in an international conflict. The casualties of the war totaled over 20 million. Death came in brutal ways. The men cut down by machine guns, grenades destroyed by explosives, killed in war and merchant ships torpedoed in the Atlantic, crushed under the tracks of the fearsome new weapon were tanks. The war also took its part in the lives of civilians. Air attacks caused little damage, but as each side tried to block supplies the other millions of men, debilitated for years by poor diet, were victims of disease. Initially, the war was a bold challenge to the brave young men. But by 1918, the war and little charm locked on both sides. It was a cruel and bitter struggle. However, at the end there was a sense of joy in those who, perchance, could not predict the future. At least his suffering would benefit mankind, they thought that this was the war to end all wars. . . la siguiente informacion fue bajada de http://avance98.tripod.com/Index.htmHere in this paper we will speak about the First World War, the countries that participated in it, its causes, consequences, battles, characters from the war, as war development, and other Between 1914 and 1918 developed in Europe the greatest conflagration hitherto known. Motivated by imperialist conflicts between European powers, the "Great War" as originally called the First World War, involved the entire population of the contending states, as well as their respective colonies.
The immediate cause which led to the outbreak of the First World War was the assassination of the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, Franz Ferdinand, in Sarajevo, Serbia (later Yugoslavia), June 28, 1914. Austria presented an ultimatum to Serbia and 28 July declared war. The system of military alliances created in previous years then came running. Russia ordered the mobilization of its armies against Austria, affinity with their brother Slavs. Germany, an ally of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, called on Russia to halt its moves against France, which would concentrate the maximum forces available to quickly achieve a victory that allowed the army directed against Russia. The plan was executed by General Helmuth von Moltke, who left the Austrian army in charge of containing the Russians on the Eastern Front and directed most of his troops against France. The French army under General Joseph-Jacques-Césaire Joffre, prepared to turn to implementing the Plan XVII, counterattack centered on the Marne.
The Germans began their offensive with the capture of Western Leija on August 16, 1914. On 20 August this year came in Brussels and took Namur. The French defense was overwhelmed, but in September, when the balance seemed to tilt the German side, Joffre's army was able to reject the German offensive in the first battle of the Marne. German General Erich von Moltke Falkenhaynm who succeeded as chief of the army, faced a new Anglo-French offensive. After the battles of Ypres Yser and leveled a front that stretched from the Channel to Switzerland.
On the eastern front, the Russian army went to East Prussia. There generals A.V. Samsonov and P.K. Rennenkampf defeated the Austrian army. The German General Paul von Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff yet achieved a great victory over the Russian army in the battles of Tannenberg (August 26, 1914) and the Masurian Lakes (February 1915). Russia then directed a massive against Sicily, but the results were not favorable to either side and the eastern front was also stabilized.
The Ottoman Empire (Turkey) entered the war on August 10, 1914, by receiving into its territorial waters to two German warships.
In this first phase, the war at sea was fought between Britain and Germany. The British had a clear numerical superiority in surface fleet, while Germany focused their efforts mainly submarine warfare, in the attack on the Falkland Islands, made on December 8, 1914, the Germans suffered a terrible defeat that marked the beginning of the end of their operations offshore. The Second Reich then began a campaign of German submarine trade embargo shocked world opinion, when the May 7, 1915 British liner sunk the "Lusitania", with two thousand passengers on board.
The years of stabilization
In early 1915, the Russians threatened by the Turks in the Caucasus, the British requested swift action against Turkey. In the UK, and soon after in France, approved the plan of attack of Winston Churchill. In February, a naval expedition took the fortress at the entrance to the Dardanelles. However, the Turks resisted inside, so here also stabilized the front.
Since late 1914, demonstrated the infeasibility of the Schlieffen Plan, Falkenhayn saw the desirability of developing operations on the eastern front. The Germans generally remained on the defensive on the Western Front and concentrated their efforts against the Russians, who defeated breaking his forehead and pushing them in a line stretching from the Baltic to Chernovtsy, in the Romanian border.
In 1915, Italy declared war on Austria. The Italian advance eastward was soon arrested, marking the beginning of trench warfare around the river Isonzo. In September, the Central Powers signed a treaty with Bulgaria and Serbia occupied. The Allies sent aid through Thessaloniki, but failed to reach services.
During the winter of 1915-1916, Falkenhayn directed his action against France in an offensive of attrition that began February 21, 1916 at Verdun, whose defense was entrusted to the French General Philippe Pétain. But the Allied offensive on the Somme distracted attention from the Germans, who lost his great opportunity. In the summer of 1916 was also the confrontation between the British and the German fleet in the naval battle of Jutland in the North Sea, which both sides considered it a victory.
On the eastern front in 1916 the Russians started a major assault operation, led by AA Brusilov, which indirectly resulted in the entry of Romania into the war for the Allies.
From January to May 1917, the Allied strategy on the western front was that the British army preparatory hiciese attacks, reserving the French a major offensive in the Champagne region. The Battle of Arras, with which the British offensive began on April 9, 1917, failed completely, and the Allies adopted a defensive strategy developed by Pétain.
The sinking of three American merchant ships by German submarines led to the declaration of war by the United States to Germany on April 6, 1917.
On the eastern front, the Russian Revolution was a respite for the Central Powers. The armistice signed at Brest-Litovsk on December 15, 1917 benefited from Germany who wanted peace in the east to transfer troops to the western front, and the Russian Bolsheviks, who wanted to consolidate his regime.
On the western front, the British began from June to December of 1917 an offensive in Flanders was closed with an operation of great significance for the future: the Battle of Cambrai, where he first used tanks.
Between May 1917 and September 1918 the peace movement initiated by the Austrian Emperor Charles I and Pope Benedict XV. Throughout 1918, President Woodrow Wilson made his famous "fourteen points," which defined the foundations of peace, indicating solutions to the problems caused by war.
The latest offensive and the Allied victory
On the western front, from March to September 1918, the biggest problem the allies was how to deal with an imminent German offensive before the arrival of reinforcements from the United States. Ludendorff decided to attack, taking advantage derived from the transfer of troops from the eastern front. Launched a series of offensives that culminated in the Second Battle of the Marne, but the Allies regained the initiative with the arrival of U.S. forces under General John J. Pershing. Ludendorff was convinced of the urgent need for a negotiated peace. In all other fronts, the Allies launched offensives that helped to undermine the German forces and Austro-Hungarian. In Italy, the Austrian forces mutinied in late October 1918, and the high command ordered a general retreat.
The Austro-Hungarian Empire began to crumble. Its various nationalities (South Slavs, Czechs and Poles) proclaimed independence, which the territories of Austria and Hungary were very depleted.
The final offensive on the Western Front was by the Allies in converging attacks against German positions west of the line that ran from Ypres to Verdun. On October 3, 1918, the German chancellor, Prince Maximilian of Baden, sent a note to Wilson requesting an armistice and the establishment of peace negotiations. On 27 October Germany agreed to accept the terms of Wilson for the armistice, which was made unilaterally by the United States and the Allies. The negotiations would enter into with a government representative of the German people and the words should make Germany unable to resume hostilities.
On November 9, William II decided to abdicate while Germany extended a proletarian revolution that would finally put down by military and counter-revolutionary groups. In Europe began preparations for the Versailles peace conference.
The world war had caused about ten million killed and millions more injured, mostly young, mostly from Russia, Germany, France and the UK. Material losses were also heavy in the belligerent countries. Moreover, the war had generated intense development of tools and techniques of war for the first time participated actively in the fight against the repeating rifles, machine guns, poison gas, tanks, blimps and airplanes and was first performed positional warfare and the bombing of cities. The exacerbation of patriotism and the mobilization of civil society were further developments of the First World War.

The interwar
The frustrations that occurred after the Great War, coupled with the profound social and economic problems, destroyed the fragile democracies in some European countries, replacing right-wing totalitarian regimes like the Italian fascism and German Nazism. In the Soviet Union developed a dictatorship of the extreme left represented by Stalinism.
On the economic front, there was a deep crisis that tested the capitalist system: the 1929 crisis that began in the United States, spread almost all over the world.
You can divide the stage that separates the end of World War I to the start of the second into two periods: between 1919 and 1929, after a few years of crisis and rearrangements, relations between European powers and the overall situation improved considerably , from an economic crisis of 1929 generated new conflicts and entered a period that led to a renewed outbreak of war.
The League of Nations, established by the Treaty of Versailles was an entity that had its headquarters in Geneva (Switzerland). In its structure cracks soon appeared: the United States did not participate in it, for the U.S. Senate did not accept the commitments made by President Wilson and the new government, headed by President Harding began a policy of isolation. Germany was accepted as a member state in 1925, but-like Japan and Italy withdrew from the start an expansionist policy in the next decade.
The League of Nations failed to prevent the outbreak of new conflicts and international peacekeeping mission to fulfill what had been conceived.
The blasts totalitarian
Totalitarian ideologies of different signs were placed in three European nations: Russia, Italy and Germany. With profound differences between them, these systems had a common denominator the suppression of political freedom and the role of prominent state controlled by a single party.
Fascism
Italy after the war
World War I intensified nationalism of Italians as their territorial claims were not met by the Treaty of Versailles. The region of Fiume, for example, the Italians claimed, was given to Yugoslavia. In addition, the Entente powers did not recognize the efforts of Italy in the war that had lost 650,000 soldiers and suffered the devastation of Venice and elsewhere. The frustrated Italian people Italian blamed the Liberal government weakness against France and England in addition to the widespread blaming the country's economic crisis mainly affecting workers and peasants. Rural and urban rebellions were widespread, resulting in looting of shops and factory occupations encouraged by the leftist parties: the Socialist and Communist.
The essential principle of the Fascist doctrine is the conception of the state. For Fascism the State is not absolute, before which individuals and groups are only relative. The fascist state is a desire for power and domination. For Fascism, the aspiration to empire, that is, the expansion of nations is a manifestation of vitality, its opposite, the spirit home, is a sign of decadence. Loa people born or raised, are imperialist, the people who die are those who resign. The rule requires discipline, coordination of efforts, duty and sacrifice.
Now more than ever, people are hungry for authority, direction and order. If every age has its doctrine, a thousand indications are that this century was fascism.
The fascists in power
The fascist party created by Benito Musscolini, shortly after the war. Individuals initially supporters rallied to stop the spread leftist who had been operating in Italy and which did not hesitate to encourage the use of violence. Fascism was gaining support from sectors linked to the military, the bourgeoisie and middle class Italians, who alarmed by the rise of leftists in this force were to stop half the social upheavals.
Faced with what was termed passivity of the government, armed fascist groups made frequent attacks on socialist and communist leaders as well as the headquarters of these parties and trade unions.
In October 1922, fifty thousand fascists, called Blackshirts (fascia combatimento, distinguished precisely by wearing black shirts), held a march on Rome and demanded that King Victor Emmanuel II to form a new government led by Musscolini. The king relented and the fascists came to power.
Musscolini a dictatorship that did not hesitate to resort to all means of coercion, even kidnapping and assassination of prominent opposition leaders. It was declared Duce (guide, driver, commander) and all power is concentrated in it.
With fascism in power, civil liberties were completed in Italy. Political parties were dissolved and all organizations hostile to the government, only survived the Fascist Party, all opposition was destroyed.

Since the government led to extreme nationalism that led to militarism and imperialist preaching, creating a strong army and a powerful fleet.
With the intention of ending the clashes between employers and workers, the fascists conceived based on a corporate state corporations (joint representation of employers and workers).
In the economic order to support private initiative and raised a full employment policy of encouraging large public works and stimulating the production of agriculture and industry. The reserves of the Bank of Italy rose and the lira (Italian currency) rose in value.
Under the slogan "Believe, obey, fight", was organized a state that was based in the House of the Fascists and corporations, both turned into unconditional government instruments. Fascism affirmed the primacy of the rule, embodied in the Duce, powerful leader. The expression "has always shower razione il" (the Duce is always right) Musscolini wrapped with a breath of infallibility indisputable.
In 1929, Musscolini reached an agreement with the Papacy with whom he signed the Lateran Treaty, which was recognized by the pope sovereignty over the small region of the Vatican.
Invasion of Italy: fascism Sinks
In 1943, the Allies invaded southern Italy and Sicily seized. Among the Italian armed forces took power supporters of peace: Mussolini was deposed and imprisoned and the new government surrendered to the Allies. The Germans did not accept this surrender, continued the struggle, freed Mussolini (who settled in Milan in front of a weak government) and became strong in Rome.
At that time took the Italian resistance force composed of partisans who fought the Germans and Fascists. Meanwhile he continued the advance of the Allies entered Rome in triumph. Mussolini tried to flee but was surprised by Italian resistance fighters, was shot.
Nazism
Nationalism, racism and imperialism
After the war, the Germans deposed the Kaiser and the Weimar Republic was proclaimed.
In 1919, the country led by the Social Democrats had to sign the Treaty of Versailles in many respects humiliating for Germany that forced this country to pay a huge war debt partly paid for by American credits.
Germany was going through a critical period: inflation, unemployment, poverty, social conflicts that the government was unable to solve. The objections grew and the preaching of socialists and communists encouraged social upheavals. The military, meanwhile, tried to justify the defeat, saying that "Germany had been stabbed in the back" by Marxists and Jews.
In that year, the city of Munich, Adolf Hitler, a former corporal who had participated in the war, created the National Socialist German Workers, which originated the term abbreviation Nazi who knew him. This new group tried unsuccessfully to take over the government of Munich (1923), for this reason Hitler was imprisoned for several months. In prison he wrote a book, Mein Kampf, in which synthesized the foundations of the Nazi doctrine. In this book Hitler defends the idea of the superiority of the Aryan race of which the German people would be the purest representative.
The Nazis in power
The Nazis, with their preaching Marxist, were getting support from sectors saw growth alarmed leftist parties. The presidential election of 1932 the government confirmed the old Marshal Hindenburg, but Hitler was a considerable amount of votes. No party won a majority to dominate the Reichstag (Parliament) and form a government. Hindenburg then, called Hitler to the post of chancellor in a coalition cabinet which included Nazi and conservative (1933).
In 1934 the Reichstag was burned. Hitler blamed the communists was the pretext to dissolve the Communist Party. Upon the death of President Hindenburg (1934) Parliament gave full powers to Hitler, who became the Führer (a term similar to the Duce) of the German people, then began the terrible Nazi dictatorship.
Exacerbated militarism and imperialism and worsened the racist movement, the Jews were persecuted and imprisoned in concentration camps where they were murdered en masse. The opposition was destroyed. A lot of intellectuals and scientists was forced into exile and on the night of May 10, 1933, won in Berlin a huge stack of books to be burned publicly arguing that "subvert German thought" Thomas Mann, Stefan Zweig, Eric Maria , Remarque, Albert Einstein, Freud, and so on. were some authors whose works finished devoured by fire.

The Nazis staged an extraordinary publicity apparatus to popularize the official doctrine. The SA (party militia) acted as shock troops, while the Gestapo (political police) watched it all.
We implemented a rigid state control over the economy and ignored the findings of the Treaty of Versailles forbade German rearmament, industrial production was induced mainly applied to industry and chemical warfare. It was clear that the Third Reich, as the name given by the Nazis to the new regime was preparing for war.
Stalinism in the Soviet Union
A cruel personal dictatorship
Civil war ended with the triumph of the Communists (1921), Lenin turned fiercely destinations of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Russia's official name from 1922). It established the dictatorship of the proletariat and planned economy in the midst of great difficulties that threaten to cause economic chaos.
With the death of Lenin (1924) and after a tremendous struggle for power between Stalin and Trotsky, took first. Trotsky and his followers had to go into exile. Based in Mexico, was assassinated in 1940 by order of Stalin.
Stalinism became synonymous with intolerance and persecution. Stalin established a dictatorship that suppressed all forms of opposition. The Party and society were subjected to bloody purges that ended with the dissidents.
The Soviet Union aspired to become industrial power: the action of the Soviet state was used for that purpose and the working masses were subjected to enormous sacrifices. Gone was the private property and all industrial and agricultural production remained in state hands.
The Soviet state was reorganized: the 1936 Constitution created the Supreme Council is responsible for legislation, the Winemakers of People's Commissars and Presidium. However, in fact, everything was controlled by the personal dictatorship of Stalin.
The Soviet foreign policy was directed towards the recovery of territories lost after the revolution, posing as a geopolitical necessity gravitate to its influence on Eastern Europe.
Axis of the triumphs of the strength of the Allies
At the beginning of 1942, Germany controlled much of Europe and its armies continued to encircle the large centers to advance the Soviet and North Africa towards Egypt, in order to dominate the Suez Canal. In the Far East, Japan was subjected to the Philippines, Malaysia, Burma, Indonesia, and threatening Australia and India.
However, that same year, the Japanese power began to wane with the defeat in the naval battles of Midway and Coral Sea. The German armies in North Africa led by Rommel were defeated by British troops from Montgomery while Anglo-American naval power was beating the German submarines. Towards the end of the year began the battle of Stalingrad, a major Russian offensive that culminated in the defeat of Germany (February 1943) and to advancing the already powerful Soviet army in the direction of Germany

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